Ken, That was also a pretty accurate description of the licensing question pool study manuals of today as compared to the ones of just 24 years ago. I think they all need to require new hams at least get a basic understanding of the theory instead of just memorizing the questions and answers. I was even more convinced of this when a new General Class operator keyed up on the 75 meter phone frequency I frequently hang out on a while back and ask us for a SWR report!